BCB705 Biodiversity: Chapter2 - Evolution of Biodiversity

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There is no doubt that the early insect-eating shrew-like which were the ancestors of such diverse creatures as bats, and ant-eaters, also gave rise to the . Indeed, an animal like the (Tupaia glis) could have been an ancestor to the primates.

Word bank: Tree Shrew, mammals, primates, whales

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The (Hapalemur griseus), which is about the size of a , lives in holes in trees and only comes out at night. The smallest of the group is the , with a snub nose and large eyes. The Indris has a closely related nocturnal equivalent the (Avahi laniger).

Word bank: Grey Gentle lemur, Wooly Indris, mouse-lemur, rabbit

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The Ring tail also possess three kinds of scent glands. One pair on the inside of the which opens through spurs; another high up on the , close to the and a third around the . With these, the males and to a lesser extent the females produce signals.

Word bank: armpits, chest, genitals, wrist

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With accuracy of vision they can judge the of distant fruit and the of leaves. They can detect the presence in the trees of other creatures which, in a world, might be invisible. And they can use in their between one another; monkeys because their colour-vision is so good, have themselves become the most highly coloured of all mammals.

Word bank: colour, communications, freshness, monochrome, ripeness

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Indris also use in the trees, though to a much lesser extent than the . Instead are established using their voices. Every morning and evening, a family fills its patch of forest with an unearthly wailing .

Word bank: chorus, lemurs, marking, scent, territories

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The tarsier has ears, like those of a , that can be twisted and crinkled so as to focus on a particular . With these two highly developed sensory it hunts at night for insects, small and even fledgling birds. It also marks territories with although its sense of smell is not likely to be good.

Word bank: bat, organs, paper-thin, reptiles, sound, urine

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Generally the primates have tended to evolve larger sizes, with the being an exception. Greater , however, places greater demands on the grasping and the South American monkeys have developed a unique way of supplementing them. Their have turned into a fifth grasping limb. It is equipped with special so that it can curl and twine, and at the end its inner surface has lost its hair and developed a ridged like that on its fingers.

Word bank: hands, marmosets, muscles, skin, tails, weight

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The ability and readiness to from your companions results in the community having shared and knowledge, shared ways of doing things - in short, a . The word is normally used only in the context of human societies, but the beginnings of a culture can be seen in the way the Japaneese Macaques amongst themselves and their communities.

Word bank: communicate, culture, learn, organize, skills

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One of the most significant patterns that occurred in the primates was . Moving on to two legs, would free the limbs, and paticularly the to explore objects which eventually lead to the use of tools by ape-men.

Word bank: behavioural, bi-pedalism, evolving, hands, upper

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There is also evidence that the arboreal way of life is fraught with for the Orang Utan. A study of adult showed, rather pathetically, that 34 percent had, at one time or another, broken their .The males, as they grow old, develop immense which hang down from the throat like gigantic double chins

Word bank: bones, danger, pouches, skeletons

What completely encircles the eye-sockets of the Tupaia?

Which animal urinates on their hands and feet, rub them together and then on to the topmost branches in their territory?

Which group of monkeys seem to have adapted to the lifestyle of the squirrel?

Which animal will smell a sapling carefully then put its hands on the ground, hoist its rear as high as it can and rub its genitals several times on the bark?